Posted Thursday, December 3, 2009 by
Chris Stephen
Something crossed my screen today that piqued my interest. That concept is competitive keyword advertising litigation. The case that sparked my curiosity is Fair Isaac Corp v. Experian Information Solutions, Inc., 2009 WL 4263699 (D. Minn. 11/25/2009) (
www.jurisnote.com/Cases/fair6411.pdf). For a good analysis of the ruling see Eric Goldman's blog (
blog.ericgoldman.org/archives/2009/12/competitive_key.htm). Interestingly, the case law to date on this issue has found for the defendants in most cases, but it makes me wonder about the legal theory, specifically why this isn't more widely explored and if the average entrepreneur is even thinking about this.
The concept, boiled down to very brass tacks, is that the owner of a valid, distinct trademark whose mark is being used by another party for use in competitive keyword advertising that cause confusion to the consumer may have an equitable remedy. This stems from the Lanham Act. There is some question of whether actual confusion is necessary, but it is obviously going to help if one can show actual confusion. Thus, the elements are (1) ownership of a valid, distinct mark; (2) use of that mark by another party; (3) in a manner that is likely to lead to consumer confusion as to the source, sponsorship or affiliation with the mark. Now take those elements and apply them to competitive keyword advertising. So, if I use a mark as a keyword in order to increase my on-line exposure, but do so in such a manner that it creates confusion, I can be liable to the holder of the mark and the remedy is an injunction against my use.
Now, to date, courts have found in favor of the defense, but I can see on the horizon a court that does find confusion. In the
Fair Isaacs case, the court discredited the plaintiff's expert (I'd love to know what he said that the court determined lacked credibility and if Fair Isaac's is going to ask for their money back in light of the court's ruling). But, how far away are we from a case in which the Court is persuaded. I think it will only take one or two court rulings before this becomes a more readily available and pursued cause of action. As companies increase their on-line presence and efforts to obtain competitive advantage through mechanisms like keyword search terms, the chances of confusions increase. As those chances increase, the possible success of this type of litigation increases.
The implication to the entrepreneur is that the knowledge of this principle can be useful in an offensive and defensive posture. Offensively, if you have a mark, you need to be vigilant in your oversight of how that mark is being used and if you determine that it is being used by other parties in keyword usage that will confuse consumers, you need to make sure you have your evidence and move quickly for injunctive relief. Defensively, as your business develops its marketing strategy and using keywords you need to be cognizant of the fact that, if you are using a trademarked item, you are doing so in such a way that confusion will not ensue.
Overall, I think that this another example of the potentials in Internet litigation. This is a cause of action that arises, in my humble opinion, only in the technology age. Because search engines allow for large keyword grabs, this type of confusion can (and likely will) arise, and in doing so, infringement and litigation has (and will) also ensue.