Indianapolis Attorney

"Internet Rewards Program Class Action Survives Initial Motion to Dismiss -- In re Easysaver Rewards

[Post by Venkat]

In re: Easysaver Rewards Litigation (S.D. Cal.) (Aug. 13, 2010)

Plaintiffs brought a class action lawsuit against Provide-Commerce (which operated Pro.Flowers.com). The lawsuit alleged that effecting transactions on the Proflowers website resulted in plaintiffs being unwittingly enrolled in a rewards program and being charged credit card fees. The court denied the motion to dismiss brought by defendants.

Background: Provide operated ProFlowers.com. At the time of completion of transactions on ProFlowers, consumers were offered a chance to enroll in a "rewards program" which was operated for Provide by Encore Marketing. Plaintiffs alleged that they were "unwittingly" enrolled in the program:

Plaintiffs allege that Provide leads customers to believe they will receive a complimentary $15.00 gift code to use on their next flower order as a thank you gift. After Plaintiffs completed the purchase of flowers on Provide's website by providing their personal and payment information, 'a window popped up that thanked Plaintiffs and Class Members for their order and offered a gift code for $15.00 off their next purchase at ProFlowers. The window also contained a link for Plaintiffs and Class Members to click on to claim the gift code.' Plaintiffs contend the pop-up window is part of an intentionally misleading and deceptive scheme, jointly orchestrated by Provide and EMI.

The named plaintiffs all testified to slightly different experiences. Some closed the pop-up window and did not provide any personal information, others responded to the pop-up by clicking on "I accept" and entering their personal information. Ultimately, plaintiffs were unable to have the charges relating to the EasySaver program reversed, and brought a variety of claims against both Provide and Encore.

Discussion:

Breach of Contract Claims:

Provide first argued that the privacy policy is not "an actionable contract" but was instead a "general statement . . . of policy." The court doesn't treat this as a colorable argument, citing to the alleged user experience and plaintiffs' reliance on the privacy policy and terms of use, which popped up every step of the way. (But see In re JetBlue, discussed in Professor Goldman's post here: "When Does a Privacy Policy Breach Support a Breach of Contract Claim? In re JetBlue.")

Provide also argued that the applicable privacy policy allowed it to transfer information to third parties, but the court holds that there is a disputed factual issue as to whether Provide agreed to only transfer the information with consumers' "informed consent or authorization," and would not share the information "beyond that which was necessary to complete the flower order."

Finally, Provide argued that the "EasySaver Rewards Policy" was not supported by an exchange of consideration, since it only came up after the flower transaction was complete. The court rejects this argument as well, finding that the rewards program was "part and parcel of the underlying flower purchase."

Provide also tried to disclaim liability for Encore's actions by arguing that it was not responsible for anything Encore did. The court cites to language in the description of the rewards program that indicates the program was jointly operated (the program was described as "our" program and Encore was described as Provide's "partner").

A separate sub-class of plaintiffs brought contract claims against Encore. These plaintiffs argued that they did not "knowingly" consent to the rewards program, and even if they did, Encore breached the terms of the program by not providing the stated benefits. Encore argued that these plaintiffs could not have it both ways - either they enrolled in the program (in which case plaintiffs accepted the terms were clearly stated) or they didn't. The court finds that plaintiffs could plead in the alternative that they did not enter into an agreement, and even if they did, Encore breached the terms of the agreement.

Fraud Claims: Provide raised a variety of arguments against plaintiffs' fraud claims (failure to plead fraud with particularity, failure to allege causation). The court rejects these arguments, holding that whether plaintiffs read the privacy policy or had adequate notice is not something that was amenable to resolution at the motion to dismiss stage.

Conversion: Plaintiffs argued that defendants converted plaintiffs' "private payment information." With respect to plaintiffs' conversation claim, the court notes the historical trend away from limiting conversation claims to tangible property (citing to Kremen v. Cohen, among other cases). The court analogizes conversion of plaintiff's "Private Payment Information" to conversion of bank account information, and finds that plaintiffs adequately state a claim based on conversion of private payment information.

EFTA: The Electronic Funds Transfer Act prohibits, among other things, unauthorized billing. Provide argued that it was Encore and not Provide who engaged in the unauthorized billing. The court agrees and grants Provide's motion to dismiss as to the EFTA claim, finding that there is no liability under the statute for aiding and abetting an EFTA violation. With respect to Encore, the court denies the motion to dismiss. Among other things, the court rejects Encore's argument that the plaintiffs agreed to the membership charges by "entering [their] email address[es] and zip code[s] and clicking the green acceptance button."

___

Defendants will have another opportunity to show that plaintiffs' claims are without merit, but I think the court's resolution at the pleading stage is interesting. A more robust disclaimer and a non-leaky acknowledgment would have no doubt been useful here. (See professor Goldman's post on Scherillo v. Dun and Bradstreet for some good pointers.)

The case also illustrates the importance of the transaction flow and process (the user experience). Often lawyers provide advice, but implementation is left to the business or marketing folks. This case illustrates that in addition to the language of the terms, courts will look to the transaction process to poke holes in the contract formation argument.

Data breach claims alleging a breach of the applicable privacy policy have met with little success. (See, e.g., Ruiz v. Gap, discussed in this post: "9th Circuit Affirms Rejection of Data Breach Claims Against Gap.") Where there is out of pocket loss that is a result of a violation of the privacy policy, plaintiffs have a much easier time bringing claims for violation of the privacy policy. In this case, defendants didn't even raise the argument that plaintiffs had not suffered out of pocket loss or lacked standing - it was a nonstarter.

It was also interesting that defendants tried to rely (and have judicial notice taken of) the online terms, but the court refused to do so, in light of the changing content of the webpages. When defendants pushed this argument, the court predictably trotted out the "[i]nformation from the internet does not necessarily bear an indicia of reliability" argument."

Your friendly Indianapolis attorney at Alerding Castor Hewitt LLP here with a history lesson and tie in to business law.  Most of you have probably heard the term “gerrymander” and know that it refers to a process of dividing a territory into districts in order to give one political party an advantage over another by concentrating the voting strength of that party in as many districts as possible.  Fewer of you probably know the origin of the term, and I imagine that  even fewer know much about the man whose name spawned the term.

The term first originated in 1812 to describe a rather bizarre looking district boundary in Essex County, Massachusetts attributable to then-Governor of that state, Elbridge Gerry.  Gerry had signed a bill passed by the state’s legislature to redraw districts that favored his party, the Democratic-Republicans, over the Federalists (whose influence was on the decline).  Gerry would go on to be elected Vice President later that year and served under President James Madison; however, he died a couple of years later in office at the age of 70, thereby becoming the  first Vice President who did not go on to become President.

Despite the notorious practice that has been associated with his name, Gerry was a Founding Father who made several contributions to the country:  For example, he was a signer of both the Declaration of Independence and of the Articles of Confederation.  He was also among the dissenting voices that refused to sign the Constitution because it did not contain a bill of rights.  As those historians among you know, it was an agreement to create the Bill of Rights (the first ten amendments to the Constitution) that helped to secure ratification of the Constitution.

• ownership of the business (at least 51%);
• the requisite expertise in the industry;
• management and control of the entity and its operations; and
• U.S. citizenship.

Your friendly Indianapolis attorney and Partner In Success at Alerding Castor Hewitt, LLP here with another post, this time for both business entities and lawyers who find themselves in the trenches of business law, SaaS law, internet laws, and privacy litigation and probate litigation.  Partner and fellow blogger Dave Castor sort of beat me to the bunch by pointing out a great blog post by Michael P. Alerding (ACH’s Mike Alerding’s father) at Alerding & Co., LLC, which Dave re-posted below.  I encourage all of you to read it if you haven’t already.

Mr. Alerding’s blog is not only great for businesses; it’s good for lawyers, too.  We can debate all day long the chicken and the egg analogy about who is to blame for the “downward spiral” Mr. Alerding mentions.  I propose that a better use of our time would be to recognize the problem and all work collectively as lawyers and business people to resolve it.  Indeed, lawyers have a unique opportunity to help guide their clients to a resolution of issues, and they should feel that it is an obligation to work to get the client to do the “right thing.”  Not only that, we as lawyers should take pride in being able to assist with that process.     

Of course, I am one of those people who believe that words mean something.  But I agree with the implications of Mr. Alerding’s post that the world is getting a little “overly-lawyered” with its legalese.  For instance, if you can say something in 10 words, why use 45 to say the same thing?  Do you have to flex your ego or demonstrate your academic prowess, or are you trying bill that extra time to demonstrate your worth to the client or partners?  Likewise, a deal or agreement should remain a deal or agreement.  So, as lawyers, if we tell another lawyer that we are going to look into something, or make a concession, why do we feel that we aren’t bound if we didn’t put it in writing?  Why do some of us feel like we can play games (like “gotcha”) with an opposing party or competitor?  Why do we as lawyers avoid doing the “right thing” and focus so much on “winning” an argument, or fall back on the excuse “well, I have to be a zealous advocate”?     

All that the one-upmanship mentality or reneging on oral promises does is add to an aura of mistrust in a world that, in the modern age of technology, isn’t that big.  Lawyers, i.e., folks engaged in the business and practice of law, can take away a lot from Mr. Adlerding’s message in our practice and in our counseling of our clients.

Your friendly Indianapolis attorney at Alerding Castor Hewitt LLP here with an issue for those of you who, from time to time, might find yourselves embroiled in collections litigation over business law, SaaS law, or technology law matters.  How often have you seen a debtor issue a check for payment and include on the memo line words to the effect of “as full satisfaction of claim,” “final payment in full of debt,” or some similar words despite the fact that the debtor owes you more than the face amount of the check?  How many of you would go ahead and cash the check, or worse yet not even notice the memo line because you routinely cash every check you receive or utilize an automated system to process checks?

The questions I pose are more than mere hypotheticals.  The savvy debtor, or more likely the debtor relying on the advice of savvy counsel, realizes that by including such words on the memo line of a check he or she could create a potential issue regarding an accord and satisfaction of the debt he or she owes to you if you have to file suit to collect on the debt.  If nothing else, the debtor knows that you will either have to negotiate with them or spend money litigating the issue.  Either way, when it’s all said and done, you will likely lose money collecting on the debt.

The applicable Indiana statute here is Indiana Code § 26-1-3.1-311.  I encourage you to read the provision for yourself; however, in a nutshell, it gives the debtor who utilizes the memo line a possible “out” on the debt.  For instance, the debt can be considered as discharged if you knew that the check was tendered in full satisfaction of the debt and either (a) before tender of the check did not send a conspicuous statement to the debtor that communications regarding disputed debts or instruments tendered as full satisfaction must be sent to a designated person, office or place, or (b) did not tender repayment to the debtor within 90 days.  Those of you who take the time to read the statute might also notice that, technically speaking, the debtor is required to prove that he or she tendered the payment in good faith as full satisfaction and prove that the amount “was unliquidated or subject to a bona fide dispute.”  In practice, however, it has been our experience at ACH that courts either do not enforce the technical requirements or, more often, are reluctant to resolve them because they see the issue as a factual dispute (a case of “he/she says v. what you say”) that requires a trial to resolve.          

So what should you do when faced with this scenario?  The best solution harkens back to the old saw about an ounce of prevention being worth a pound of cure:  we at ACH recommend that you implement some process or system to monitor payment checks and, if you find that a debtor is trying to slip by on what they owe you by utilizing the memo line as I’ve described, do NOT cash the check.  Instead, notify the debtor immediately of the dispute and non-conforming payment.  While the risk is that you might lose out on a payment from a debtor who intends to stop paying you anyway, the benefit of such a practice is that you do not give the debtor a potential defense argument that results in greater collection costs and could result in you being unable to collect on the full debt owed to you. 

FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE
July 23, 2010
Contact: Lainey Scheetz
317.403.9012
lscheetz@alerdingcastor.com

ALERDING CASTOR HEWITT, LLP CLIENT NAMED 10TH FASTEST GROWING PRIVATE COMPANY IN INDIANA FOR THIRD TIME

Indianapolis, IN – Iasta, the leading provider of eSourcing software and solutions, was titled as the 10th Fastest Growing Private Company in Indiana for 2010 by the Indianapolis Business Journal (IBJ).  A third time honoree, Iasta boosted its three-year growth rate at 134 percent.

The report profiled Iasta’s founding’s, current offerings and future outlook.

The IBJ ranks companies by their revenue growth over the last three consecutive years, which must exceed $1 million annually.  In 2009, Iasta ranked 17th and in 2008 they ranked 14th.  The award is based on revenue growth of the last three consecutive years.  Iasta has thrived in a market where many others have been forced to make budget cuts and layoffs.  “We’ve established a lot of credibility and there’s a lot of growth yet to be had,” said Bush.

Iasta experienced very rapid growth in its younger years at 80 to 90 percent a year.  These days, the company still grows at 30 to 40 percent annually.  Bush attributes the success of Iasta to flexibility and high quality in both software and services.

Dave Castor has represented Iasta as general counsel since 2002. 

Firm at a Glance:

At Alerding Castor Hewitt, LLP, the attorneys focus on business law, litigation and technology law services.  The firm has unique experience in niche markets such as software and technology licensing, e-commerce and Internet law and international business law. 

For additional information, please visit www.alerdingcastor.com.

        War at its best is barbarism.

Every attempt to make war easy and safe will result in humiliation and disaster.

                                    --William Tecumseh Sherman

Though he said these words nearly a century and a half ago, General Sherman’s comments apply equally well to litigation, including the world of business law, technology law, SaaS law, and probate law.  Litigation is a serious business, not something to be undertaken lightly.  And it is often expensive – regardless of who has so-called “right” on their side because, just as in warfare, both sides often express to being on the “right” side.

Just like warfare, there is an element of risk and chance in litigation.  Further, litigation can entail subterfuge and trying to pscyh out the opposing party.  Sometimes you can achieve victory by making your opponent think that Point A is your objective so that when he or she marshals all of their forces in defense around that position, you pop up over at Point B.  General Sherman employed this same tactic in his march to the sea, and it can be just as effective in litigation.

You might wonder why litigation seems to be much ado about nothing at times, why a large amount of energy, time and money is spent sweating over details.  The reason is that the minutiae should not be underestimated.  Those of us who are litigators in business law, technology law, SaaS law, and probate law don’t engage in these skirmishes simply because we want to or love to (though admittedly this might be true for some); we do it because in order to fully represent you our clients we HAVE to do so.  We know that the little details can make or break a case, and we know that those fights over the placement of a comma or definition of a word, though long and tedious, can help stave off those future battles or wars – or at least give you the advantage of the high ground from which to pounce on your opponent later on.

Just like warfare, fairness has nothing to do with it.  If you want to be involved in a lawsuit, you have to be willing to go the distance, and no matter how tiring you have to keep your eye on your objective.  It’s a marathon, not a sprint, and you have to be ready for the long haul.  If litigation were easy, you wouldn’t be in a lawsuit in the first place; you could sort out your differences over a couple of beers.  But sadly that’s often not the case.  It takes money, time, and even frustration to flesh out a resolution.  Someone, and probably both sides, will probably bleed before it is over.

At Alerding Castor Hewitt LLP, we are ready and willing to go that distance with you, but the process works best if you are prepared to make that journey and are prepared for the cost and risk.  If you stumble during a battle, get back up and remember that it’s warfare and that we will be there for you in those trenches.    

Your friendly Indianapolis attorney at Alerding Castor Hewitt LLP here with a quick follow up on my first blog regarding collections for our business law, technology law, and SaaS law clients.  A link to that post is listed below for those interested.

One of our Saas law clients recently obtained a favorable resolution in one of their cases to collect on a contract from an out-of-state debtor.  We had obtained a default judgment for the client and were pressing forward with the proceeding supplemental here in Indiana.  I don’t know if the debtor was ignoring the process, moving around the country, or what was going on, but he wasn’t responding.  However, he finally contacted us when he ran into trouble trying to enter into a lease; apparently the judgment popped up on his credit history when the landlord ran a credit check.  To make a long story short, the debtor was more than willing to come forward to settle the claim with our Saas law client.

This success story just bears out the point of my original post:  it’s worth taking some minimal time and expense to proceed with a proceeding supplemental in Indiana on out-of-state folks before undertaking some more involved process.  The result can be surprising.     

Your Indianapolis Attorney at Alerding Castor Hewitt here with another litigation post for the business and technology world, this time regarding preliminary injunctions.  What is a preliminary injunction?  In simple terms, it is an equitable remedy that you can seek asking a court to order someone else to stop doing something or cease threatening to do something that is causing or is likely to cause you irreparable harm.  It is another weapon in the litigation arsenal, one to restore the status quo between you and another entity until a court can resolve your dispute.

A request for a preliminary injunction can arise in any number of situations.  I won’t try to name all of those that I have encountered, but one example involves claims of infringement of intellectual property (trademark, copyright or patent).  Another example is interference with a contract.  And of course, a recent example is the decision by the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of Indiana in Workman v. Greenwood Community School Corp., cause no. 1:10-cv-0293-SEB-TAB (S.D. Ind. Apr. 30, 2010), enjoining a school from permitting a school-endorsed prayer at a high school graduation.

The difficulty in obtaining a preliminary injunction should not be underestimated.  This is in part due to the hefty applicable standard for this remedy, which includes a showing of a reasonable likelihood of success on the merits.  And sometimes just finding time on a court’s calendar on short notice to hear your arguments can be a challenge.  But if you can convince a court to issue a preliminary injunction, it is not unusual for a settlement to follow on the heels of the court’s order, in part due to the fact that the court will have concluded at that point that you will likely succeed on the merits of your claim.

Another possible result, though rare, is a decision by the court to consolidate a preliminary injunction hearing with a trial on the merits.  This happened recently on a case handled by Brian Hewitt and Angela Hopper (a contract attorney who has provided assistance on a number of occasions).  Brian and Angela were seeking to obtain a preliminary injunction in a probate litigation matter involving the appointment of a guardian to oversee the health care of an elderly lady.  Their clients’ claim boiled down to a request that a settlement agreement be enforced.  Not only were they successful, but the court took the interesting step of consolidating the hearing on their motion with a trial on the merits and entered judgment outright on their clients’ claims.     

Brian and Angela’s case reveals an exciting aspect of litigation:  sometimes the outcome of a hearing can be a surprise (and better than anticipated).  In any event, deciding whether to seek a preliminary injunction is no light undertaking.  As with any litigation matter, you should consult with your counsel to weigh the pros and cons before making a decision on whether a request for a preliminary injunction will advance your interests.  

I am an Indianapolis Attorney here at Alerding Castor Hewitt LLP.  This is my first blog post – so bear with me.  As a brief introduction, my role at ACH is working on our litigation team, both at trial and on appeal if necessary, on issues related to business law, probate litigation, SaaS litigation, and other technology litigation – just to name a few of the areas.

One area often overlooked in the litigation process is the area of collections.  Some lawyers might look upon the collection process with disdain because it’s not as “sexy” as doing other things.  But at bottom, bringing a suit is all about collecting money.  After all, a judgment is just a piece of paper.  At ACH, we pride ourselves on being able to assist clients in the collection process; it’s a part of our commitment to being a Partner in Success and we represent a variety of clients in business litigation and technology litigation in this process.

We often encounter situations where we have an out-of-state defendant who has breached a contract by failing to pay for services.  In fact, it’s not that unusual in cases for our SaaS law and technology law clients for this to occur.  Many times such a defendant will fail to appear to defend itself in the suit and we wind up obtaining a default judgment for our clients.  The question is, what do you do next?  Do you undertake a proceeding supplemental in Indiana to try to collect on a judgment when the defendant is unlikely to show, or do you take your default judgment (i.e., piece of paper) to the defendant’s state and try to domesticate it (in other words, try to collect there)?

I recently witnessed a couple of examples of this very situation.  The answer boils down to a matter of cost-benefit analysis.  In my humble opinion, it’s probably worth the minimal time and effort to undertake a proceeding supplemental in Indiana.  Plus, you don’t have to immediately take on the added expense of hiring another lawyer in the defendant’s state to do the job for you.            

The reason for this is that you never know what will motivate someone to make good on a debt owed to you, or at least negotiate some sort of payment arrangement.  While it doesn’t happen in every case, it’s not unusual for a defendant to try to resolve a case after receiving notice of a proceeding supplemental.  This is even more likely once they receive notice of one of the later steps in that process, such as an order to show cause why the defendant should not be held in contempt for failing to appear or a body attachment warrant to arrest the defendant.  And if it doesn’t work out, you’ll still have your judgment that you can take to the other state.   

1. What is Privacy Law:  This part will focus on the academic, legislative and practical definitions of privacy law, as well as its general subparts / components
2. What is the current state of the law:  In this subsection, I will focus on the various statutory schemes and case law that has developed related to the privacy law.  I will also highlight the current black-letter legal principles at play in privacy litigation.
3. What does it mean for your business:  The third substantive subsection will focus on the implications of privacy law to the general business.  It will focus on: (1) regulatory compliance; (2) protection and use of your own data; (3) protection and use of your client's data; and (4)  the implications of privacy laws on litigation a business may face.
4. What will the future hold:   In the final subsection, I will focus on the future of privacy law.  In particular, I will look at the current and future issues revolving around the different approaches to privacy take by the United States and the European Union.  I will also look at the implications  on privacy law of advanced technology and the increased use of social media.